تحقیق در مورد فناوری اطلاعات pdf
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فناوری اطلاعات
Information technology
What is electronic and information technology
“Electronic and information technology” is a term used in the 1998 amendments to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. The term is used to define the scope of products covered under Section 508. Section 508 requires that electronic and information technology that is developed, procured, maintained, or used by the federal government be accessible.
Electronic and information technology includes computer hardware and software, operating systems, web-based information and applications, telephones and other telecommunications products, video equipment and multimedia products, information kiosks, and office products such as photocopiers and fax machines.
Informally, all of these devices are commonly referred to simply as “information technology,” or “IT.” However, from a legal standpoint, there was a need to expand upon an existing federal definition of information technology, while maintaining consistency with that early definition.
The federal agency charged with establishing this definition was the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board). Here is the formal definition of both “electronic and information technology” and “information technology” published in the Access Board’s Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards:
Electronic and information technology. Includes information technology and any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment, that is used in the creation, conversion, or duplication of data or information. The term electronic and information technology includes, but is not
limited to, telecommunications products (such as telephones), information kiosks and transaction machines, World Wide Web sites, multimedia, and office equipment such as copiers and fax machines. The term does not include any equipment that contains embedded information technology that is used as an integral part of the product, but the principal function of which is not the acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. For example, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) equipment such as thermostats or temperature control devices, and medical equipment where information technology is integral to its operation, are not information technology.
Information technology. Any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment, that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. The term ‘information technology’ includes computers, ancillary equipment, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including support services), and related resources.
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is “the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.” In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely.
Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communications Technology).
Information technology today
Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include:
• Data management
• Computer networking
• Database systems design
• Software design
• Management information systems
• Systems management
Data management
Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The official definition provided by DAMA is that “Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise.” This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such as relational database management.
Topics in Data Management include:
• Data analysis
• Database management system
• Data modeling
• Database administration
• Data warehousing
• Data movement
• Data mining
• Data quality assurance
• Data security
• Meta-data management (data repositories, and their management)
• Data architecture
Management information system
Management Information Systems (MIS) is a general name for the academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures — collectively called information systems — to solve business problems. MIS are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization.[1] Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.[1]
Background
In their infancy, business computers were used for the practical business of computing the payroll and keeping track of accounts payable and receivable. As applications were developed that provided managers with information about sales, inventories, and other data that would help in managing the enterprise, the term “MIS” arose to describe these kinds of applications. Today, the term is used broadly in a number of contexts and includes (but is not limited to): decision support systems, resource and people management applications, project management, and database retrieval applications.
Definition
There are often confusion between terms MIS and information system. Information systems include systems that are not intended for decision making. MIS is sometimes referred to, in a restrictive sense, as information technology management. That area of study should not be confused with computer science. IT service management is a practitioner-focused discipline. MIS has also some differences with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as ERP incorporates elements that are not necessarily focused on decision support.
Systems management
Systems management refers to enterprise-wide administration of distributed computer systems. Systems management is strongly influenced by network management initiatives in telecommunications. System management may involve one or more of the following tasks:
• Hardware inventories.
• Server availability monitoring and metrics.
• Software inventory and installation.
• Anti-virus and anti-malware management.
• User’s activities monitoring.
• Capacity monitoring.
• Security management.
• Storage management.
• Network capacity and utilization monitoring.
The most known systems management systems are IBM Tivoli Framework, IBM Director, Microsoft Systems Management Server, HP OpenView, LANDesk, Novell ZENworks, BMC Patrol and CA Unicenter.
Functions
Functional groups are provided according to ITU-T X.700 standard. This framework is also known as FCAPS.
Fault management
• Troubleshooting, error logging and data recovery
Configuration management
• Hardware and software inventory
• Provisioning, software deployment and package management
Accounting management
• Billing and statistics gathering
Performance management
• Software metering and event monitoring
Security management
• Identity management
• Policy management
However this standard should not be treated as comprehensive, there are obvious omissions. Some are recently emerging sectors, some are implied and some are just not listed. The primary ones are Real-time Application Relationship Discovery which supports Configuration Management, Security Information and Event Management functions (known as SIEM), Workload Scheduling, Business Impact functions (also known as Business Systems Management) and Capacity Management. Performance Management functions can also be split into end-to-end performance measuring and infrastructure component measuring functions.
Standards
DMTF
CIM, WBEM, WS-Management, DEN, SMASH
IETF
SNMP, NETCONF
ISO and ITU-T
TMN, CMIP, GDMO
OGC and ISO
ITIL
JCP
JMX
Ref.
http://www.washington.edu/accessit/articles106
www.wikipedia.org
فناوری اطلاعات
فناوری اطلاعات و الکترونیک چیست؟
فناوری اطلاعات و الکترونیک واژه ای است که در سال 1998 در لایحه اصلاحی نمایندگان به بخش 508 از قانون نوسازی یکار گرفته شد. بخش 508 ملزم میکند که فناوری اطلاعات و الکترونیک که توسعه یافته ، بدست آمده ، وجود دارد یا بوسیله دولت فدرال مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است بایست قابل دسترسی باشد.
فناوری اطلاعات و الکترونیک شامل سخت افزار و نرم افزار رایانه ، سیستمهای عامل ، اطلاعات مبتنی بر وب و کاربردهای آن ، تلفنها و سایر محصولات ارتباطی ، تجهیزات ویدئویی و محصولات مولتی مدیا ، کیوسکهای اطلاعاتی،و محصولات اداری همانند ماشینهای فتوکپی و نمابرمی باشد.
به طور رسمی به تمامی این تجهیزات عموماً به سادگی “فناوری اطلاعات” یا “IT”اطلاق می شود. با اینحال،از دیدگاه قانونی ، نیازی به توسعه تعریف فعلی دولت فدرال از فناوری اطلاعات احساس می شود که بایستی انسجام تعریف اولیه را نیز حفظ کند.
اداره فدرال از طرف Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board) مسئول انتشار این تعریف شده است. در اینجا تعریف رسمی از “فناوری اطلاعات والکترونیک” و” فناوری اطلاعات” ارائه شده که توسط بخش استانداردهای دسترسی به فناوری اطلاعات و الکترونیک هیئت Access منتشر شده است.
فناوری اطلاعات والکترونیک:
شامل فناوری اطلاعات و هرگونه تجهیز یا سیستم ارتباط داخلی یا زیر سیستمی از تجهیز است که در ایجاد ، تغییر یا تکثیر داده ها یا اطلاعات بکار گرفته می شوند. واژه فناوری اطلاعات والکترونیک شامل محصولات ارتباطی ( همانند تلفنها)،کیوسکهای اطلاعاتی و ماشینهای معاملاتی ، سایتهای شبکه جهانی
اطلاعات ،و تجهیزات اداری همانند دستگاههای کپی و ماشینهای فاکس می باشد ولی محدود به اینها نیز نمی باشد.این واژه در بر گیرنده هر ماشینی که شامل فناوری اطلاعات است و بعنوان بخش داخلی محصول بکار گرفته می شود و عملیات اصلی همانند دریافت،ذخیره سازی،تغییر،مدیریت، جابجایی،کنترل ، نمایش،سوئیچینگ،مبادله،ارسال یا دریافت اطلاعات یا داده ها را انجام نمی دهد ، نیست . برای مثال تجهیزات HVAC (گرم کننده ، تهویه مطبوع)همانند ترموستاتها یا وسایل کنترل کننده درجه حرارت و تجهیزات پزشکی که در آنها فناوری اطلاعات بخشی از عملیاتشان است ، جزو فناوری اطلاعات محسوب نمیشوند.
فناوری اطلاعات:
هر گونه تجهیز یا سیستم با ارتباط داخلی یا زیر سیستمی از تجهیزات که در بدست آوردن ،ذخیره سازی ، تغییر،مدیریت، جابجایی،کنترل ، نمایش،سوئیچینگ،مبادله،ارسال یا دریافت اطلاعات یا داده ها مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. واژه فناوری اطلاعات شامل رایانه ها ، تجهیزات جانبی ، نرم افزار ، سخت افزار و روشهای مشابه با آنها ، خدمات (شامل خدمات پشتیبانی) و منابع مربوطه است.
کلمات کلیدی :
